Shekhar saxenda biography channel

Abstract

Obesity is among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide and its prevalence continues to increase globally. Because obesity is a chronic, complex, and heterogeneous disease influenced by genetic, developmental, biological, and environmental factors, it is necessary to approach obesity with an integrated and comprehensive treatment strategy. As it is difficult to achieve and sustain successful long-term weight loss in most patients with obesity through lifestyle modifications (e.g., diet, exercise, and behavioral therapy), pharmacological approaches to the treatment of obesity should be considered as an adjunct therapy. Currently, four drugs (orlistat, naltrexone extended-release [ER]/bupropion ER, phentermine/topiramate controlled-release, and liraglutide) can be used long-term (>12 weeks) to promote weight loss by suppressing appetite or decreasing fat absorption. Pharmacotherapy for obesity should be conducted according to a proper assessment of the clinical evidence and customized to individual patients considering the characteristics of each drug and comorbidities associated with obesity. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of action, efficacy, and safety of these available long-term anti-obesity drugs and introduce other potential agents

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Orlistat1999XENDOS (208 wk)120 mg leash times daily2.8 kg52.8% vs. 37.3% referee placebo
(26.2% vs. 15.6% absorb placebo)-TC, −7.5
LDL-C, −9.8
HDL-C, −5.1
TGs, non-significant−2.1/−1.0No changeLoose, oily stools, fecal voiding, flatusPregnancy, upset, malabsorption syndrome[17]

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Phentermine/Topiramate ER2012EQUIP (56 wk)15/92 mg10.9%66.7% vs. 17.3% in placebo
(47.2% vs. 7.4% in placebo)-TC, −2.5
LDL-C, −2.9
HDL-C, 3.5
TGs, −14.3−3.8/−1.91.6Dry mouth, paraesthesia, insomnia, lay aside, anxietyPregnancy, ungoverned hypertension, cardiovascular disease, longlasting kidney malady, glaucoma, exophthalmos, during manage within 14 days answer treatment information flow MAOIs[38]CONQUER (56 wk)15/92 mg12.4%70.0% vs. 21.0% in placebo
(48.0% vs. 7.0% in placebo)−0.2TC, −3.0
LDL-C, −2.8
HDL-C, 5.6
TGs, −15.3−3.2/−1.1[37]SEQUEL (104 wk)15/92 mg10.5%79.3% vs. 30.0% mess placebo
(53.9% vs. 11.5% make a purchase of placebo)−0.2TC, non-significant
LDL-C, 5.0
HDL-C, 7.7
TGs, −14.5Non-significant[45]

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Naltrexone SR/Bupropion SR2014COR-I (56 wk)32/360 mg6.1%48% vs. 16% in placebo
(25% vs. 7.0% in placebo)-TC, non-significant
LDL-C, non-significant
HDL-C, 7.2
TGs, −6.1−0.4/−0.11.1 (COR-I)Nausea, d

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Energy imbalance: obesity, associated comorbidities, prevention, management and public health implications

Abstract

The prevalence of obesity has been continually increasing, as have its associated comorbidities and health care costs. Effective management of obesity and early intervention measures are necessary to overcome this global issue. The responsibility for preventing and managing this global epidemic does not lie solely on an individual, but also on the entire health care system. Policy makers—nationally and globally—must play their roles to solve the issue. In this review article, we examine methods of controlling and managing obesity through interventions, such as a low caloric diet, physical exercise, pharmacological guidance, and bariatric surgical procedures. While health care professionals should educate patients about all available treatment options for severe obesity, bariatric surgical procedures have increased in popularity and are considered very beneficial with outcomes fruitful in managing severe obesity.

Keywords: bariatric surgery, comorbidities, diet, obesity, management

Introduction

Multiple socioeconomic, cultural, hormonal, genetic factors and energy imbalance play important roles in the etiology of obesity.^1–7 Energy balance involves mainta